European Exploration And Expansion Essays - Age Of Discovery

European Exploration and Expansion The five European powers comprised of Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the United Providence's had early projects of expansion. The Vikings in ninth and tenth century moved as bands of merchant pirates looting trade ships and discouraging trade on the seas. Because of threats from people like the Vikings, early trade was discouraged. However, the Crusades from eleventh to thirteenth century resurrected the desire to trade and explore. The systematic infiltration of the Middle East during the Crusades led countries to experience the joys of expansion. From fourteen-fifty to sixteen-fifty there was a new project of expansion. Instead of the Mediterranean being were all the action is, the Atlantic Ocean became the popular spot. The Ottoman Turks drove people away from the Mediterranean, forcing them to discover somewhere new. In only 200 years Europe would go on to make itself around the globe. There were many reasons for expansion. The traditional explanations for expansion were "Gold, God, and Glory". But this was not the real reason for most of the expansion. What is the real reason Click on the to reveal the true motivation for exploration. Money makes the world go around and it made Europe go around the world. The innovations in trade and finance made it possible to do on long voyages. Under the merchantilist society, one where there is a political coalition between central government and the merchant class, government encouraged Europeans to expand internal markets and overseas activity. This form of government set economic policies benefiting it and the merchant class. With policies such as this it was hard not to want to expand. Portugal was the first to the go around the West African coast. They traded gold with the Ashanti people of Guinea. The carefully planned expeditions by King Henry enabled the trade with Guinea. Portugal soon established trading posts and forts on the Guinea coast up to Timbuktu. By 1500 Portugal controlled the flow of gold to Europe. As the result of Bartholomew Diaz trying, and Vasco da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope , Lisbon became the entrance port for Asian goods into Europe. In the early 1500's Portugal made regular voyages to South Asia for spice trade. By viewing the success of the Portuguese, the Spanish decided to get into the gold game. Christopher Columbus, a Gene's navigator, received support from Spain to voyage to what he though was an easier way to India. Spain wanted to break the growing Portuguese monopoly on Asian spice trade and goods into Europe. Columbus was deeply religious and hoped to convert souls as well as find gold for his beloved Spain. Columbus made four trips to America, discoing the West Indies, Central America and South America. The Spanish set up colonies in Mexico, Central America, and South America. Puerto Rico and Cuba were good sources for gold. The search for gold determined the direction of Spanish exploration and expansion in South America. So it was not surprising that when resources in the Caribbean grew narrow, Spain began to look for new sources of gold and silver. In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan was commissioned by Spanish ruler Charles V to find a direct route to the Moluccan islands near Asia. Magellan died but proved that the earth was round and that is was much larger than Columbus had estimated. The same year Magellan departure on his voyage, Hernando Cortez, a Spanish adventurer, sailed to Mexico and co nquered the rich Aztec Empire. Click on the anchor to see a quote from Hernando Cortez explaining his rational. Like Cortez, Francisco Pizarro (1470-1541) conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. This Spanish domination over the native people was a demographic disaster. Forced labor, disease, and starvation killed the native people that were oppressed by the Spanish. When Columbus arrived in 1492 there were about 100,000 natives. By 1570 only about 300 remained. This lack of a good, cheap labor force led to the slave trade. Indian and Black slaves from Africa were imported to do the mining. More on slavery is discussed in the related slavery exhibit. The English economy needed another source of income besides their wool industry. Some of the English people saw America as a way to gain great

Three ways to tame an out-of-control sentence

Three ways to tame an out-of-control sentence Three ways to tame wild sentences You dont have to work in a zoo, the circus or pest control to come face to face with a wild beast at work. Sometimes theyre found lurking in our writing. Sounds strange? Well, an out-of-control sentence can be a terrifying thing. Take this monster, based on a real-life example: I have attached a document to this report – ‘Marketing budget for 2016’ – which explains at length our new strategy, including why we are reducing spending on broadcast advertising, and the process of selecting partner agencies to work with in consultation with the CEO, and specialists within the marketing department. If you find yourself writing a sentence like this, you might end up feeling like you’re being attacked by your own creation. It’s frighteningly easy to get tangled up – and to make grammar and punctuation errors – when a sentence is 50 words long. The reader has it even worse. Long, complicated sentences are hard to follow, because they force the reader to keep track of several ideas at the same time while they wait for the full picture to emerge. Luckily, there are several ways to tame sentences that are starting to run wild. Here are three simple techniques that will have even the least domesticated sentences purring in your lap in no time. One sentence, one idea A sentence works best when it contains one idea. This means your reader has to take in only one thing at a time, making it easier for them to follow what you are saying. You may fear that this approach will dumb down your style – but it actually does the opposite. By ensuring each sentence contains just a single idea, you free up your reader’s energy to focus on your point, rather than on trying to keep track of your thought process. This is crucial if what you’re communicating is complicated or technical (or, dare we say it, a bit dull). It also makes your writing more powerful. If you string together several ideas in one sentence, they may each have less impact than if they were presented on their own. Take this example, which is based on a real-life letter to a customer: We are very sorry for the mistake that happened as we have a number of new staff working in sales, and regrettably one of them misunderstood the information given to them about our prices, and advised that we were offering a universal 40 per cent discount, when in fact this was a time-limited offer for existing customers. If we break down this sprawling sentence, we can see it contains three distinct ideas. They are: 1) We apologise for the mistake. 2) The mistake was caused by new staff misunderstanding our pricing. 3) The discount did not apply in this case. Now let’s apply the one-sentence-one-idea model: We are very sorry for quoting you the wrong price. This was because one of our new members of staff had misunderstood our pricing system. The 40 per cent discount you were offered in fact applies only to existing customers. This is clearer and has more impact. It also feels less like a rather rambling excuse, and more like a genuine apology and explanation. If it gets listy, put some bullets in it If you find that you’re weighing down the tail of a sentence with several related ideas, a bulleted list may help. For example, instead of writing: This document includes instructions on the program’s system requirements, how to use the program complete with screenshots, how to access the help file, whom to contact for more information, and licensing terms and conditions. you can split it into bullet points: This document includes: the program’s system requirements how to use the program (with screenshots) how to access the help file whom to contact for more information licensing terms and conditions. (If youre unsure how to punctuate bulleted lists, watch our short video that explains all.) Full stop them in their tracks Sometimes the simplest remedy is the best. If you find yourself agonising over whether to use a comma or a full stop, go for the full stop. Stringing together lots of ideas using commas often makes a sentence harder to read. For example: Thomas Atkins is the CEO of ACME Ltd, having founded the company in 1999, after seeing the low quality of widgets available at the time, responding with improved quality while charging the low prices ACME Ltd is still known for today. Splitting the sentence in two makes its ideas much more definite. First, the reader learns who founded the company. Then, why he did so: Thomas Atkins is the CEO of ACME Ltd, having founded the company in 1999. Atkins saw the low quality of widgets available at the time and responded by improving quality while charging the low prices ACME Ltd is still known for today. Even now, the second sentence remains a bit unwieldy. In cases like this, consider splitting it into even smaller units. This allows you to elaborate on each idea independently, in a way that would be unreadable as a single sentence. Thomas Atkins is the CEO of ACME Ltd, having founded the company in Bristol in 1999. Atkins was dissatisfied with the low quality of widgets available at the time, which were prone to breaking after a year’s use. So he dedicated himself to designing and producing better quality widgets, while charging the low prices ACME Ltd is still known for today. One. Last. Thing. We’re not suggesting that you eradicate commas and longer sentences altogether. Too many short sentences can give your writing a juddering, stop-start rhythm, which can be distracting for the reader. We recommend a maximum length of about 35 words for sentences – but below that limit, don’t focus too much on length. Instead, focus on the idea you want each sentence to communicate to your reader. You’ll find it much easier to write, punctuate and edit – and you’ll avoid unleashing any wild beasts. Image credit: Eric Isselee / Shutterstock

Business Communication and Presentations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Business Communication and Presentations - Essay Example This is a key factor in the cohesion of a group of people working together to achieve common objectives. In the case of Rio Ferdinand, the communication was non-verbal and not successful or effective as he kept â€Å"forgetting† to get the tests done. This means the means of communication was not the right mode. It could also mean that he did not give the tests too much of importance due to which he kept â€Å"forgetting†. This again ultimately reflects on the wrong communication process. For effective communication, managers need to understand the purpose of the message. This would ensure the right message at the right time and place. According to Bovà ©e and Thill (2000), the three basic functions of business communications are â€Å"to inform, to persuade or to collaborate†¦.† but Lowell adds another two functions which include to acknowledge and to empathize. Thus there are five levels and functions of the communications hierarchy (cited in WOC, 2004). In this case, information was merely given with no persuasion to act upon it timely. The decision not to allow Rio Ferdinand to be selected to go to Turkey for the crucial European Championship qualifying match was taken unilaterally between the Manchester United and the Football Association, without giving Ferdinand an opportunity to explain. This form of communication was unethical and what was even worse was that information was sent out to the press without prior intimation to the defender or even to the rest of the England team. By adopting these modes of communication, the sender was trying to send out the message that Ferdinand was not required in the team. For a communication to be effective it must be received and understood and only then it can produce resultant action (Kalla, 2005) but Ferdinand did not take action and hence the communication process was ineffective.